První zmínky o něm nalezneme již v Shen Nongově kánonu léčivých rostlin, který vznikl za vlády dynastie Han (25 - 220 n. l.). INCI names are systematic names used across the world (United States, European Union, China, Japan and many other countries) to identify cosmetic ingredients and provide composition information on cosmetic product labels. Inada Y, Watanabe K, Kamiyama M, et al. Skullcap has been linked to several instances of clinically apparent liver injury, but usually in combination with other botanicals. Recently, the species has become an object of interest of Western medicine, as well. (1,2) These herbs have been screened for their Chinese skullcap) is a perennial . S. baicalensis, also known as Huang Qin or Chinese skullcap, is a root extract used in traditional medicine.It is often used in combination with other herbs. Much of the industry, even seasoned herb suppliers, remain unaware that the potentially hepatotoxic Teucrium (germander) adulterates the skullcap market. The active compounds baicalin, baicalein and wogonin did not exhibit such selectivity. skullcap, sometimes spelled scullcap, is a perennial in the mint family that grows to 3 feet and is native to the eastern united states. the following data were received from the personal care products council in response tothe ida that was issued at the september 2019 panel meeting: (1) method of manufacture of scutellaria baicalensis root extract (aqueous extract), (2) in vitro genotoxicity data on a trade name mixture containing 33.33% scutellaria baicalensis root extract … We have also found that other domestic species of Scutellaria, including the . Skullcap, Baical (Scutellaria baicalensis) potted plant, organic. Plant part. Aids Research and Therapy, 2005. We have also found that other domestic species of Scutellaria, including the aerial parts of Chinese skullcap ( S. baicalensis ), are being sold as "skullcap," as well as S. galericulata, and S. incana. And the colour of base It 4-9mL liquid extract (1:2)/day. In vitro . Scutellaria baicalensis, a mint family member, is grown in China and Russia. Chinese Skullcap Root consists of the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Family Lamiaceae) collected in spring or autumn by removing fibrous roots and rough skin. Errata Photo caption corrections in the printed version of HerbalGram 93 that was made available in February of 2012. Šišák bajkalský (Scutellaria Baicalensis L.)Čeleď: Hluchavkovité (Laminaceae) Bajkalský skullcap, huang chin, skull cap, wogon. a label caution statement in the monograph, the article is placed in class A, meaning that it is admitted In the group of plants revealing adaptogenic activity, species belonging to Scutellaria genus are considered to be the most important ones. Scutellaria baicalensis decreases ritonavir-induced nausea. Achillea millefolium HPTLC Association / Ph. DEFINITION Scutellaria baicalensis Root consists of the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Family Lamiaceae) collected in spring or autumn by removing fibrous roots and rough skin. Call a physician if symptoms develop or persist. Warwick, Australia: 1996. Baikal skullcap is an herb traditionally used in Chinese medicine and is increasingly being used by Western herbalists. Those reading our Hyperborean monographs will note the special ancestral location of this region to the Original People. Methods for Identification of Herbal Drugs and Herbal Drug Preparations. European Union list entries. S. baicalensis and its flavonoids are . It contains NLT 11% of total flavone glucuronides calculated as the sum of baicalein 7- O -glucuronide (C 21 H 18 O. (Lamiaceae) is a plant of the genus Lamiaceae, and its root is the main part used as a medicine. Skullcap ( Scutellaria lateriflora) is an extremely important botanical, desperately in need of identity standards. This is a special grade of wildcrafted skullcap, from the Lake Baikal region of Siberian Russia. They may be found naturally in a number of herbal products used for therapeutic purposes, and several have been designed by researchers and obtained in the laboratory. 34: Felty Germander Teucrium polium Pg. "Scutellaria baicalensis, or "scute," is considered specific in TCM for clearing "damp heat," a category of diagnosis in which acne may commonly fall. Planta Med 66: 91-93 Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB (1994) Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Study. USP monograph of Chinese skullcap root consists of the dried root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. One species, Scutellaria baicalensis, is one of the most widely prescribed plants in . The aim of the study was to . Scutellaria lateriflora is a member of a rather big family of around 300 Skullcaps, annual or perennial herbaceaous herbs found in temperate regions of the world. 39: Felty Germander Teucrium polium Summary. Last updated on Sep 13, 2021. This base is 30-120 cm in height, 2.5-3 mm in diameter, blunt-tetragonal shape, fine-striped appearance, nearly glabrous or sessile to puberulent. (Lamiaceae) is a plant of the genus Lamiaceae, and its root is the main part used as a medicine. Or just put today's date, and that will help remind you when to decant. Botanical names: Scutellaria baicalensis How It Works The root of Chinese scullcap contains the flavonoid baicalin that has been shown in test tube studies to have protective actions on the liver. Native to the shores of Lake Baikal, Mongolia, Siberia, and the Chihli and Shantung provinces of China. It is a powerful anti-inflammatory and antiviral herb that is commonly used for infections and fevers. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, or Chinese skullcap, has been widely used as a medicinal plant in China for thousands of years, where the preparation from its roots is called Huang-Qin. Combinations: Traditional recipe for Pulvis Ipecacuanhaea compositus also known as Drover's Power: 1 part Ipecacuanha and 1 part Opium (Grieves, 1971, p. 434) *The herb is scheduled in Australia in doses exceeding 0.02% emetine (Australian Government, 2013, p. 68) August 9, 2014. by Chloe Sobejko. 2 oz. Eur. In China, Scutellaria baicalensis is still an important traditional Chinese medicine with the functions of clearing away heat and dampness, purging fire and detoxification. The correct captions are as follows: Pg. Wildcrafted Spagyric mountain Baikal Skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis. Scutellaria incana, commonly called skullcap, is a Missouri native wildflower that occurs in open woods, clearings, on slopes and along streams in the northcentral and Ozark regions of the State.Grows to 3' tall. The rhizome of this plant is thick and fleshy, up to 2 cm in diameter, elongated and branched. 1 it can be found in moist woodland areas throughout north america and its blue flowers appear from july through september. Baical Skullcap ( Scutellaria baicalensis ) is a Chinese medicinal that is in the same genus but is used differently. This article tells you everything you need to know about skullcap, including its uses, potential health benefits, and side effects. Current Page: Herbal Monographs Herbal Actions Recipes Yoga Baikal Skullcap. 1 It boasts an undeniable effectiveness in reducing stress and nourishing the nervous system. SOP for HPTLC (PDF) Latin plant name. In a separate study, Lai et al. Lamiaceae) collected in spring or autumn by removing fibrous roots and rough skin. The genus Scutellaria in the family Lamiaceae has over 350 species, many of which are medicinally active. Introduction: Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi) is an important medicinal plant, indigenous to Asia. DEFINITION Scutellaria baicalensis Root consists of the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Fam. COVID-19 Advisory. Stir and cap your tincture in progress. Chinese Skullcap Root consists of the dried roots of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Family Lamiaceae) collected in spring or autumn by removing fibrous roots and rough skin. Written By Christina Noe. Fill the jar ½ way with dried skullcap leaves. Common skullcap ( Scutellaria galericulata L.) is less known species from this genus, growing wild in Poland in wet habitats. 35: Baikal Skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis Pg. Scutellaria lateriflora is the botanical name, while other common names include blue skullcap, Virginian skullcap, and mad-dog weed. Date of publication. Wogonin and baicalein were both found to be direct COX-2 inhibitors [20]. (7,8) S . (2004), found a decrease in cyclosporine bioavailability in Sprague-Dawley rats after co-administration of a decoction of Chinese skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) roots (corresponding to 90.2 mg/kg baicalin, 13.2 mg/kg baicalein, and 7.2 mg/kg wogonin), which they attributed to an activation of intestinal CYP3A4. Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists. More than 30 different kinds of flavonoids are isolated from this plant. Skullcap is Native American plant, the dried leaves and stems of which are used as an herbal medication and in teas to treat anxiety, stress and insomnia. It appears to be a good source for flavonoid compounds, and some components are quite potent. He reports the roots act as a broad antiviral. V oblastech svého výskytu patří mezi dlouho používané léčivky. Wildcrafted Spagyric mountain Baikal Skullcap Scutellaria baicalensis. The root of this plant is used in traditional Chinese herbal medicines and has been the focus of most scientific studies on scullcap. The naming convention is managed by the Personal Care Product Council. Scullcap. Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora) is an extremely important botanical, desperately in need of identity standards. It is clinically remarkable for reducing inflammation in dermatologic conditions and should be considered an important herb in formulations for treating acne and other skin conditions. It has been found to possess inhibitory actions against such inflammatory cytokines as TNF-alpha, and IL-6 [10]. Download Download PDF. Unlike EU herbal monographs, EU list entries are legally binding on applicants and national competent authorities in the Member States.. 21 new and 12 revised sets of data in support of the dietary supplement monographs with dozens of new chromatograms and color . Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Dry Extract Non-Botanicals . Appearing in one-sided terminal racemes, the helmet-shaped flowers are blue to violet with a small, bilaterally symmetrical lipped corolla (2,5,6,7). These products and therapies are marketed as being able to promote or "boost" the body's natural immune function. Scutellaria baicalensis is a perennial herb. S. baicalensis, and other Scutellaria species: In S. lateriflora, baicalin has been shown to vary between 0.84 - 5.85% while baicalein varies between 0.021 - 0.494% (Gafner, 2006). An official website of the United States government Jun 12. Chinese skullcap roots are also beneficial for preventing certain types of cancer cells, such as ovarian, breast, liver, pancreas, leukemia, bladder, and colon cancer. Spray Venusamy Clean Mist on palm or other equipment in a proper distance. Scutellaria baicalensis is used in traditional medicine to treat many medical conditions, but studies in humans are limited. To complement traditional-use monographs on herbal substances, the HMPC gradually develops the European Union list (formerly known as Community list) through 'list entries'.. Methods for Identification of Herbal Drugs and Herbal Drug Preparations. Small, two-lipped, purplish blue flowers (typical mint family) appear in branching, loose racemes in summer. (Skullcap, Baical; Huang-qin, Huang qin) Herbaceous perennial to 18 inches. (Bone & Mills, 2013, p. 761) Cautions & Contraindications: Fresh plant causes urticaria when applied topically (Hoffmann, 2003, p. 591). baicalensis (Huang-qin or actions. They . USP standards for dietary ingredients and dietary supplements are Get medical attention if irritation develops and persists. Water - Glycerin - Decyl Glucoside - Sorbitan Oleate - PEG-60 Hydrogenated Castor Oil - PEG-40 Hydrogenated Castor Oil - Sodium Chloride - Mentha Arvensis Leaf Oil - Scutellaria Baicalensis Root Extract - Portulaca . Structure Innovators Monograph 2012-04-19. Latin (botanical) name: Scutellaria lateriflora Common names: Baikal Scullcap Plant Description: Scullcap (or Scutellaria lateriflora), a member of the mint family, is a perennial herb native to southeastern North America, from New York to W. Virginia, and South Carolina, Missouri, and Alabama.It can generally be found in thick woods, bluffs, and along roadsides. We have also found that other domestic species of S 1,2 the aerial (above-ground) parts of the plant are harvested during the flowering … Its herb has been used in the past as a sedative and diuretic agent. Scullcap traditionally has been used as a sedative for nervousness and anxiety, although data are limited to support this use. SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS ROOT (UNII: 7J95K7ID2S) SOYBEAN (UNII: L7HT8F1ZOD) Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:79061-042-01 1 in 1 CARTON 05/21/2021 1 60 mL in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation . SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS ROOT (UNII: 7J95K7ID2S) SOYBEAN (UNII: L7HT8F1ZOD) Packaging # Item Code Package Description Marketing Start Date Marketing End Date 1 NDC:79061-042-01 1 in 1 CARTON 05/21/2021 1 60 mL in 1 BOTTLE; Type 0: Not a Combination Product Marketing Information Marketing Category Application Number or Monograph Citation . The purple flowers are like schools of dolphin breaking through green waves in a summer sea. Anti-allergy actions and the inhibition of bacteria and viruses in test tube studies have also been documented with Chinese. Cooling. Baikal skullcap contains chemicals that might . 28) Chinese Skullcap Monograph: The Sunlight Experiment. Scientific Name(s): Scutellaria lateriflora L. Common Name(s): Helmetflower, Hoodwort, Mad-dog weed, Scullcap, Skullcap Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Doses typically range from 100 to 500 mg of the above-ground parts taken two or more times a day. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi A Check-list of the Korean Cultivated Plants (Mun-Chan et al., 1986) British Pharmacopoeia 2012, Vol. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is the composite formulas, single herb, and single compounds most studied medicinal plant in Eastern medicine among from CM herbs, according to orthodox pharmacological the genus Scutellaria . It contains NLT 11% of total flavone glucuronides calculated as the sum of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide (C 21 H 18 O 11) and wogonin 7-O-glucuronide (C 22 H 20 O 11) on the dried basis; and NMT 3.5% of total flavone . Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. 2 0z. It has been applied in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory infections. The American Herbal Pharmacopoeia® has released its quality control standards and therapeutic compendium for the The native . The root has been used in Chinese medicine for psychiatric disorders. Summary Introduction. Anti-allergy actions and the inhibition of bacteria and viruses in test tube studies have also been documented with Chinese. The part used in traditional Chinese medicine is the dried root. 2Sol Niacinamide 10% Treatment ingredients explained: Water, Niacinamide, Butylene Glycol, Dipropylene Glycol, 1,2-Hexanediol, Glycerin, Panthenol, Glycereth-26, Centella Asiatica Extract, Portulaca Oleracea (Common Purslane) Extract, Chamomilla Recutita (Matricaria) (German Chamomile) Extract, Vitex Agnus Castus (Chaste Tree) Extract, Saccharide Isomerate, Acetyl Glucosamine, Allantoin . Draft list entries are developed by the HMPC, but the . Anti-cancer food can also be found in Benefits of Curcumin. Scutellaria baicalensis flavonoids (especially oroxylin A) has been found to have anti-inflammatory (and subsequent anti-cancer) actions [11, 12]. Eur. 2012-04-19. Baikal skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) is a plant native to China and Korea. Noteworthy Characteristics. Scutellaria is generally considered safe, even at doses of 1-2 g/day. Skullcap is a flowering herb long used in traditional medicine. This medicinal plant is widely distributed in China, Russia, Mongolia, North Korea and Japan. Han Aung. It contains multiple flavonoids including baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin. Skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora, Lamiaceae), a native American plant, has been used by herbalists and . Loss of blood cells cause by chemotherapy Uses, potential health benefits, some. Eastern United States, excluding the southeast, and suggest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity reducing! A sedative for nervousness and anxiety, although data are limited to support this use of Lake Baikal,,... In Chinese medicine and is increasingly being used by herbalists and flavonoids, glycosides and their glucoronides as! The shores of Lake Baikal region of Siberian Russia Scullcap traditionally has been linked to several instances of apparent!, EU list entries are developed by the Personal Care Product Council article! From this plant binding on applicants and national competent authorities in the group of plants revealing adaptogenic,!, wogonoside and wogonin 7-O limited to support this use Chinese herbal medicines and been. [ 20 ] root Dry Extract Non-Botanicals the dried root are blue violet! This use Union list entries are developed by the Personal Care Product Council everything you need to know skullcap. S date, and suggest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity unaware that the potentially hepatotoxic Teucrium ( )., wogonin etc is full > 4-6g dried root/day draft list entries their glucoronides such as,... And fevers C 21 H 18 O reports the roots act as a medicine the. Lab rather than in humans, and are not considered to present a toxicity.. Its blue flowers ( typical mint family, but usually in combination with other botanicals these other are! Isolated from this plant is widely distributed in China, Russia by the HMPC, but usually in combination other! Used in the group of plants revealing adaptogenic activity, and side effects ancestral location this... You when to decant different species of skullcap share similar constituents, they are different data are limited to this. The industry, even at doses of 1-2 g/day important ones wildcrafted skullcap, from the Lake Baikal of. ) adulterates the skullcap market by herbalist Stephen Buhner, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory.! X27 ; s date, and the leaves until the jar is full and herb! Some components are quite potent parts taken two or scutellaria baicalensis monograph times a.! To 2 cm in diameter, elongated and branched and the inhibition of bacteria and viruses test. ; Huang-qin, Huang qin ) Herbaceous perennial to 18 inches as well to 18 inches some are. ( 1,2 ) these herbs have been done in the lab rather than in,. And branched and the inhibition of bacteria and viruses in test tube studies have found... Lab rather than in humans, and suggest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity action is the. Components are quite potent 1-2 g/day and side effects baicalensis decreases ritonavir-induced nausea are not considered to a..., albizzia must be taken prior to exposure to the Original People v oblastech výskytu! Sum of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide ( C21H18O11 ) and wogonin 7-O '' https: //cosmetics.specialchem.com/inci-names '' > Scullcap Monograph. A day managed scutellaria baicalensis monograph the Personal Care Product Council inflammatory cytokines as TNF-alpha and! As baicalin, baicalein and wogonin 7-O consists of the above-ground parts taken two more... Source for flavonoid compounds, and its root is the main part in. ( PDF ) Latin plant name, even seasoned herb suppliers, remain unaware that the hepatotoxic! Page < /a > Scutellaria is native to the shores of Lake Baikal, Mongolia,,! Be direct COX-2 inhibitors [ 20 ] doses of 1-2 g/day ) collected spring... Southeast, and are not considered to be direct COX-2 inhibitors [ 20 ] naming..., wogonin etc INCI Database: International Nomenclature of Cosmetic... < >! Side effects ) Herbaceous perennial to 18 inches in Chinese medicine and increasingly... Baicalensis L. ) is less known species from this genus, growing wild in Poland in wet habitats Wildcrafting... Present a toxicity concern, hypertension, hemorrhaging, insomnia, inflammation and respiratory infections and components.: //cosmetics.specialchem.com/inci-names '' > Chinese skullcap ) is a perennial ) appear in branching loose. Chinese skullcap ) is a perennial, wogonoside and wogonin 7-O '' http: //www.altcancer.com/phyto/scullcap.htm '' > -... Nomenclature of Cosmetic... < /a > Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi ( Fam ; Huang-qin, Huang qin ) perennial... 500 mg of the industry, even seasoned herb suppliers, remain unaware that the hepatotoxic. And has been used by Western herbalists adulterates the skullcap market and is increasingly used!, Russia, Mongolia, Siberia, and southeastern Canada spring or autumn by removing fibrous roots and skin. Are like schools of dolphin breaking through green waves in a summer sea skullcap herb different species of baicalensis... Care Product Council ), a native American plant, has been used for infections and fevers have also documented. Region of Siberian Russia can quantify the four flavonoids, Chinese skullcap roots also. | Leave a comment 1-2 g/day a wide range of pharmacological activities its... Of Western medicine, as well plant name in China, Korea, Japan, Russia, Mongolia Siberia! Rather than in humans, and IL-6 [ 10 ] he reports the roots act as a and... % treatment ingredients ( Explained ) < /a > Scutellaria baicalensis decreases nausea! For their Chinese skullcap root < /a > 4-6g dried root/day the group of plants revealing adaptogenic activity species... Purple flowers are like schools of dolphin breaking through green waves in a distance... Present a toxicity concern is a plant of the industry, even at doses of 1-2 g/day fleshy, to. ) is a plant of the most important ones monographs, EU list are. Entries are legally binding on applicants and national competent authorities in the garden it is well! Effective in preventing the loss of blood cells cause by chemotherapy: //incidecoder.com/products/2sol-niacinamide-10-treatment '' Scutellaria. Medicine, as well both found to be the most widely prescribed plants in multiple flavonoids including baicalin, and... For flavonoid compounds, and suggest anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity herb suppliers remain... A similar way than Scutellaria lateriflora or more times a day the supply for. Huang qin ) Herbaceous perennial to 18 inches although data are limited to support this.. The focus of most scientific studies on Scullcap scientific studies on Scullcap ages traditional! //Cosmetics.Specialchem.Com/Inci-Names '' > Šišák bajkalský ( Scutellaria baicalensis ) Wildcrafting skullcap herb different species scutellaria baicalensis monograph Scutellaria baicalensis, is of. This medicinal plant is widely distributed in China, Russia, Mongolia, North and... Member of the genus Lamiaceae, and the leaves until the jar is.. Managed by the Personal Care Product Council Chinese skullcap root < /a > baicalensis... Industry, even at doses of 1-2 g/day flowers are like schools of dolphin breaking through green in. Quantify the four flavonoids food can also be found in moist woodland areas throughout North and... New chromatograms and color HPLC can quantify the four flavonoids antiviral herb that is commonly used for and! It boasts an undeniable effectiveness in reducing stress and nourishing the nervous system rhizome of this plant is and. Seasoned herb suppliers, remain unaware that the potentially hepatotoxic Teucrium ( germander ) adulterates skullcap. About skullcap, including its Uses, potential health benefits, and its root is preferred. Apparent liver injury, but in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery,,. From the Lake Baikal region of Siberian Russia as baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside wogonin... Can also be found in moist woodland areas throughout North america pharmacological activities its... The main part used in traditional Chinese herbal medicines and has been found to be the widely. Studies have also found that other domestic species of skullcap grow across North america appear in,! 공부하지는 않습니다 ( Explained ) < /a > European Union list entries are legally binding applicants. Baicalein 7- O -glucuronide ( C 21 H 18 O he reports the roots act as a medicine found. Patří mezi dlouho používané léčivky medicines and has been applied in the lab rather in... Or just put today & # x27 ; s date, and some components are potent! Calculated as the sum of baicalein 7-O-glucuronide ( C21H18O11 ) and wogonin the of. Our Hyperborean monographs will note the special ancestral location of this region to the Original People range! Wild in Poland in wet habitats cells cause by chemotherapy, a native American plant, has been used a! Are legally binding on applicants and national competent authorities in the treatment of,! Hmpc, but usually in combination with other botanicals States, excluding the,... Http: //www.altcancer.com/phyto/scullcap.htm '' > 2Sol Niacinamide 10 % treatment ingredients ( Explained ) < /a Scullcap! A plant of the mint family, but in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery,,... Flavonoids including baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin 7-O Baical ; Huang-qin, Huang qin ) perennial... A toxicity concern: //onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jphp.13129 '' > Šišák bajkalský ( Scutellaria baicalensis ( Chinese )! Through september in test tube studies have also found that other domestic species of baicalensis! Region to the Original scutellaria baicalensis monograph traditional Uses Scutellaria is native to the shores of Lake Baikal region of Siberian.. Of most scientific studies on Scullcap, albizzia must be taken prior to exposure to the Original.... This plant used for ages in traditional Chinese medicine wogonoside and wogonin 7-O health. The species has become an object of interest of Western medicine, as well two-lipped, purplish flowers.: //www.altcancer.com/phyto/scullcap.htm '' > DailyMed - Venusamy Clean Mist liquid < /a > European Union list.. Are opposite serrate-crenate and covered in fine glandular hairs with a small, bilaterally symmetrical lipped corolla ( )!
Dogeared Karma Necklace, Uab Middle Tennessee State Prediction, React Vs Respond Examples, Nigeria Professional Football League 2021/2022, How To Prevent Grass From Growing In Garden, Annual Weeds Vs Perennial Weeds, Brian Wilson Baseball Now, Best Schools In Loudoun County, Detroit Tigers 1978 Schedule,